Unraveling the secrets of Medulloblastoma: a comprehensive review of molecular pathways associated with pathogenesis, therapeutic resistance and potential treatment strategies
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a highly emerging brain tumor mostly found in infants and children and is less observed in adults. Several genetic aberrations affect the normal signaling activity at an embryonal level and even after development. Various factors abrupt the normal processes which later become the hallmarks of cancer. The use of inhibitory drugs on those targets that become the site of tumor origin will help in dealing with early-stage diseases. Interactions across WNT and NOTCH signaling exhibit the ability to stimulate branching and modification of present arteries and veins in the surrounding tumor microenvironment. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the primary tumor site is initially modified by tumor cells via Complement Component 3 which subsequently increases the entry of growth factors into the fluid. MB tumor cells then undergo Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT), allowing cells to disperse from the main tumor location and infiltrate CSF. The defects in DNA repair genes are potentially linked to development and response to therapy in errors within DNA repair genes that may play a role in MB progression and treatment resistance. CT and MRI scans are commonly used for the diagnosis of MB in patients. The exact mechanism behind MB is still poorly understood but certain immune and targeted therapies are applied to those pathways that provoke tumors. In the future, researchers are majorly focusing on understanding the exact mechanism so that it will help in the development of certain diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.
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