Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Usefulness of Citrus Limon & Cicer Arietinum in Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics Against Clinically Important Bacteria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring alternative treatments, including natural plant extracts. Lemon juice (Citrus limon) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed aqueous extract, known for their medicinal properties, are investigated for their potential antibacterial effects.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of lemon juice and chickpea seed aqueous extract, individually and in combination with antibiotics, against various pathogenic bacterial strains.
Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. limon and C. arietinum were prepared. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sourced from the University of Education, Lahore, was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% were tested. Phytochemical analysis identified active compounds in the extracts. Antibacterial efficacy was quantified by measuring inhibition zones in millimeters.
Results: Lemon juice showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity with inhibition zones up to 19.8±0.088 mm at 40% concentration. Chickpea extract was effective against S. aureus with a maximum inhibition of 14±0.577 mm at 40%. Combined treatments enhanced antibacterial effects, particularly against S. aureus, with a combination of lemon juice, chickpea extract, and antibiotics yielding an inhibition zone of 20.1±0.058 mm at the highest concentration. In contrast, chickpea extract alone showed no activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or P. aeruginosa.
Conclusion: The study confirms the significant antibacterial potential of lemon juice across multiple bacterial strains and the specific efficacy of chickpea extract against S. aureus. The combination of these extracts with antibiotics suggests a promising avenue for augmenting antibacterial treatment strategies.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Perry, C. M. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance Crisis Spurring Phage Therapy Research.
Pegadraju, H., Thomas, J. A., Mutha, J. A., & Reshmi, R. RECAPITULATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND MRSA.
Tan, S.Y. and Tatsumura, Y., 2015. Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): discoverer of penicillin. Singapore medical journal, 56(7), p.366.
Abraham EP, Chain E. 1988. An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. 1940. Rev Infect Dis 10:677-8
Rammelkamp CH, Maxon T. 1942. Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to the Action of Penicillin. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 51:386-389.
Chen, Z., Li, Y., Peng, Y., Ye, C., & Zhang, S. (2021). Effects of antibiotics on hydrolase activity and structure of microbial community during aerobic co-composting of food waste with sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 321, 124506
Fair, R.J. and Tor, Y., 2014. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in medicinal chemistry, 6, pp.PMC-S14459.
Miranda, C., Silva, V., Igrejas, G., & Poeta, P. (2021). Impact of European pet antibiotic use on enterococci and staphylococci antimicrobial resistance and human health. Future Microbiology, 16(3), 185-203.
Okeke, I. N., Laxminarayan, Bhutta, Z. A., Duse, Jenkins, P., O' Brien, T. F. & Klugman, K. P. 2005
Moutassem, D., Belabid, L. and Bellik, Y., 2020. Efficiency of secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. in the biological control of Fusarium wilt in chickpea. Journal of Crop Protection, 9(2), pp.217-231.
De Almeida Costa, G. E., da Silva Queiroz-Monici, K., Reis, S. M. P. M. & de Oliveira, A. C. 2006
Mallikarjuna, N. N. & Varma, R. S. 2007; Abbo, S., Lev Yadun, S. & Gopher, A. 2011
Barari, L., Mosavi, N., & Asgharpour, F. (2015). Antibacterial and antifungal effect of chickpea (cicer arietinum) aqueous seed extract. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(10), 336-346.
Kan, Z., Jaiswal, B.S., Stinson, J., Janakiraman, V., Bhatt, D., Stern, H.M., Yue, P., Haverty, P.M., Bourgon, R., Zheng, J. and Moorhead, M., 2010. Diverse somatic mutation patterns and pathway alterations in human cancers. Nature, 466(7308), pp.869-873.
Jouda, M.M., 2013. The antibacterial effect of some medicinal plant extracts and their synergistic effect with antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs. The Antibacterial Effect of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts and their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotic and Non-antibiotic Drugs.
Mohanapriya, M., Ramaswamy, L. and Rajendran, R., 2013. Health and medicinal properties of lemon (Citrus limonum). International Journal Of Ayurvedic And Herbal Medicine, 3(1), pp.1095-1100.
Ekawati, E.R. and Darmanto, W., 2019. Lemon (citrus limon) juice has antibacterial potential against diarrhea-causing pathogen. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 217, No. 1, p. 012023). IOP Publishing.
Makni, M., Jemai, R., Kriaa, W., Chtourou, Y. and Fetoui, H., 2018. Citrus limon from Tunisia: Phytochemical and physicochemical properties and biological activities. BioMed research international, 2018.
Gibbons, S. (2004). Anti-staphylococcal activity of natural plants. Natural Products Reports, 21, 263-277.
Coutinho, H.D., Costa, J.G., Lima, E.O., Falcão-Silva, V.S. and Júnior, J.P.S., 2009. Herbal therapy associated with antibiotic therapy: potentiation of the antibiotic activity against methicillin–resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Turnera ulmifolia L. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 9(1), p.13.
D.F.BasriandS.H.Fan, “The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology,vol.37,no.1,pp.26–29,2005.
Viuda-Martos, M., Ruiz-Navajas, Y., Fernández-López, J., & Pérez-Álvarez, J. (2008). Antifungal activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oils. Food control, 19(12), 1130-1138.
Yadav, G., & Meena, M. (2021). Bioprospecting of endophytes in medicinal plants of Thar Desert: An attractive resource for biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnology Reports, e00629.
Gibbons, S. (2004). Anti-staphylococcal activity of natural plants. Natural Products Reports, 21, 263-277.
Coutinho, H. D., Costa, J. G., Falcão-Silva, V. S., Lima, E. O. & Siqueira Júnior, J. P. 2008
Thilakchand, K. R., Mathai, R. T., Simon, P., Ravi, R. T., Baliga-Rao, M. P., & Baliga, M. S. (2013). Hepatoprotective properties of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn): a review. Food & function, 4(10), 1431-1441.
Guo, D., Liu, W., Zhang, X., Zhao, M., Zhu, B., Hou, T. and He, H., 2019. Duck Egg White–Derived Peptide VSEE (Val‐Ser‐Glu‐Glu) Regulates Bone and Lipid Metabolisms by Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling Pathway and Intestinal Microbiota. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 63(24), p.1900525.
Mejri, F., Selmi, S., Martins, A., Baati, T., Chaabane, H., Njim, L., Serralheiro, M.L., Rauter, A.P. and Hosni, K., 2018. Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) pods: A rich source of bioactive ingredients with antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, anti-diabetic and health-promoting properties. Food & function, 9(4), pp.2051-2069.
Saquib, S.A., AlQahtani, N.A., Ahmad, I., Kader, M.A., Al Shahrani, S.S. and Asiri, E.A., 2019. Evaluation and comparison of antibacterial efficacy of herbal extracts in combination with antibiotics on periodontal pathobionts: an in vitro microbiological study. Antibiotics, 8(3), p.89.
Olajuyigbe, O.O. and Afolayan, A.J., 2013. Evaluation of combination effects of ethanolic extract of Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd. and antibiotics against clinically important bacteria. The Scientific World Journal, 2013.
Mathai, K., Anand, S., Aravind, A., Dinatius, P., Krishnan, A.V. and Mathai, M., 2017. Antimicrobial Effect of Ginger, Garlic, Honey, and Lemon Extracts on Streptococcus mutans. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 18(11), pp.1004-1008.
(Xie, Y., Yang, W., Tang, F., Chen, X., & Ren, L. (2015). Antibacterial activities of flavonoids: structure-activity relationship and mechanism. Current medicinal chemistry, 22(1), 132-149.)
Naqvi, S. A. R., Nadeem, S., Komal, S., Naqvi, S. A. A., Mubarik, M. S., Qureshi, S. Y., ... & Aslam, N. (2019). Antioxidants: Natural Antibiotics. In Antioxidants. IntechOpen.).
(Miklasińska-Majdanik, M., Kępa, M., Wojtyczka, R. D., Idzik, D., & Wąsik, T. J. (2018). Phenolic compounds diminish antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2321.)