Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Interventions for Pain Relief in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and progressive disability. Although pharmacotherapy has improved disease control, many patients continue to experience persistent pain and functional limitations, highlighting the need for effective rehabilitation interventions. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation modalities—including exercise therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), splinting, and education/psychosocial interventions—in improving pain and functional status among adults with RA. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2010 to December 2024. Eligible studies evaluated rehabilitation interventions in adults with RA and reported pain-related or functional outcomes. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Owing to heterogeneity across interventions and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: Six RCTs met inclusion criteria. Interventions included aerobic and strengthening exercises, CBT-based self-management programs, splinting protocols, educational packages, and combined behavioral strategies. Five of the six studies demonstrated significant reductions in pain and improvements in functional capacity compared with control groups. Multicomponent programs integrating physical exercise with psychosocial or behavioral therapy showed the most consistent benefits. Conclusion: Rehabilitation strategies—particularly structured exercise and cognitive-behavioral approaches—are effective adjuncts for reducing pain and enhancing functional outcomes in RA. Future research should incorporate standardized protocols and longer follow-up durations to better determine long-term effectiveness.