Assessment of Proteinuria in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Albuminuria and Non-Albumin Proteinuria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.240Keywords:
Albuminuria, Chronic Kidney Disease, Non-Albumin Proteinuria, Proteinuria, Urine AnalysisAbstract
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health concern characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. It is often associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications. Proteinuria, the presence of abnormal quantities of protein in the urine, is a key indicator of kidney damage in CKD. Among the types of proteinuria, albuminuria (excessive albumin in the urine) is particularly significant. This study aims to delve into the prevalence and implications of both albuminuria and non-albumin proteinuria (NAP) in CKD patients, offering insights into their diagnostic and prognostic value.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and association of albuminuria and NAP in CKD patients.
Methods: Conducted at Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from March to September 2023, this prospective study included 385 CKD patients. Convenience sampling was utilized. Participants underwent medical history reviews, clinical evaluations, blood tests, and provided three morning urine samples. The study defined albuminuria as a urine albumin to creatinine ratio (uACR) of ≥3 mg/mmol in at least two out of three samples. Isolated NAP was indicated by a urine protein to creatinine ratio (uPCR) of ≥17 mg/mmol in two out of three samples and uACR <3 mg/mmol in all samples.
Results: In this study of 385 CKD patients, 54.5% (210 individuals) were male, and 45.5% (175) were female. Proteinuria of albuminuria was observed in 24.6% of patients. Specifically, 76 patients (19.7%) had abnormal uACR levels in their initial test. On follow-up tests, 65 patients (16.8%) showed albuminuria based on at least two out of three positive uACR measurements. The study also found that 55 patients (14.2%) had a mixed profile of albuminuria and NAP, while 20 patients (5.1%) exhibited isolated albuminuria. Moreover, 135 individuals (35%) had 'high normal' albuminuria (uACR 1-3 mg/mmol).
Conclusion: The study concluded that albuminuria is distinctly associated with CKD. While albuminuria can be initially detected with one uACR sample, accurate quantification requires three measurements.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Aqsa Humayun, Muhammad Sheraz Abbasi, Mohsin Saif, Yastoor Baig, Hassam Bhalli, Muhammad Farrukh Habib
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