Investigation of Uropathological Bacterial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Among Pregnant Women in Rawalpindi and Islamabad: A Comprehensive Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.549Keywords:
Paediatric Urinary Tract Infections, Pregnant Women, Antibiotic Resistance, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Rawalpindi, IslamabadAbstract
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant health concern for pregnant women, potentially leading to adverse outcomes for both mother and child. The anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy increase the risk of UTIs, making the study of their bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns especially pertinent.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTIs among pregnant women in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, to identify the most prevalent pathogens and their resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 165 early morning mid-stream urine samples collected from pregnant women attending the Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi, over four months. Samples were analyzed for UTI-causing organisms using Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) medium, MacConkey agar, and blood agar plates. Gram staining and biochemical tests were utilized for bacterial identification, while the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method determined antibiotic susceptibility. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: The study population predominantly consisted of residents from Rawalpindi (94.5%). The highest incidence of UTIs was observed in the age group of 31-36 years (34.5%). Staphylococcus aureus (28%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%) were the most prevalent pathogens. High resistance rates were noted against ampicillin and azithromycin among gram-positive isolates, whereas gram-negative bacteria showed considerable resistance to ciprofloxacin. However, gentamicin displayed relative effectiveness across various pathogens.
Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of antibiotic-resistant UTIs among pregnant women in the studied regions, with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the dominant pathogens. The findings call for an urgent need to implement effective antibiotic stewardship and screening programs during pregnancy to mitigate the risk of UTIs and their associated complications.
Downloads
References
Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med. 2002;113(1):5–13.
Belete MA, Saravanan M. A Systematic Review on Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infection Among Pregnant Women in Developing Countries in Africa and Asia; 2005–2016. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:1465–77.
N. G. M, Math GC, Patil A, Gaddad SM, Shivannavar CT. Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections and Its Aetiological Agents among Pregnant Women in Karnataka Region. Adv Microbiol. 2013;3(06):473–8.
De Rossi P, Cimerman S, Truzzi JC, Cunha CAD, Mattar R, Martino MDV, et al. Joint report of SBI (Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases), FEBRASGO (Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations), SBU (Brazilian Society of Urology) and SBPC/ML (Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine): recommendations for the clinical management of lower urinary tract infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;24(2):110–9.
Stamm WE, Norrby SR. Urinary Tract Infections: Disease Panorama and Challenges. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(s1):S1–S4.
Minardi D, d’Anzeo, Cantoro, Conti, Muzzonigro. Urinary tract infections in women: etiology and treatment options. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:333–40.
Loh K, Sivalingam N. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Malays Fam Physician. 2007;2(2):54–7.
Schnarr J, Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2008;38(s2):50–7.
Ipe DS, Sundac L, Benjamin WH, Moore KH, Ulett GC. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2013;346(1):1–10.
Gebre-Selassie S. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: epidemiological, clinical and microbiological approach. Ethiop Med J. 1998;36(3):185–92.
Assefa A, Asrat D, Woldeamanuel Y, G/Hiwot Y, Abdella A, Melesse T. Bacterial profile and drug susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection in pregnant women at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2008;46(3):227–35.
Faidah HS, Ashshi AM, El-Ella GAA, Al-Ghamdi AK, Mohamed AM. Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2013;6(1):01–7.
Haider G, Zehra N, Munir AA, Haider A. Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(3):213–6.
Abdel-Aziz Elzayat M, Barnett-Vanes A, Dabour MFE, Cheng F. Prevalence of undiagnosed asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risk factors during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study at two tertiary centres in Cairo, Egypt. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e013198.
Dube R, Al-Zuheiri STS, Syed M, Harilal L, Zuhaira DAL, Kar SS. Prevalence, Clinico-Bacteriological Profile, and Antibiotic Resistance of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women. Antibiotics. 2022;12(1):33.
Salmanov AG, Artyomenko V, Susidko OM, Korniyenko SM, Kovalyshyn OA, Rud VO, et al. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN UKRAINE: RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER STUDY (2020-2022). Wiad Lek. 2023;76(7):1527–35.
Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I. Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;38(4):448–53.
Sobel JD. Bacterial Vaginosis. Annu Rev Med. 2000;51(1):349–56.
Bhavana AM, Kumari PHP, Mohan N, Chandrasekhar V, Vijayalakshmi P, Manasa RV. Bacterial vaginosis and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of asymptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital, Visakhapatnam, India. Iran J Microbiol. 2019;11(6):488–95.
Gilbert NM, O’brien VP, Hultgren S, Macones G, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Urinary Tract Infection as a Preventable Cause of Pregnancy Complications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Global Call to Action. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(5):59–69.
Alotaibi BS, Tantry BA, Farhana A, Alammar MA, Shah NN, Mohammed AH, et al. Resistance Pattern in Mostly Gram-negative Bacteria Causing UrinaryTract Infections. Infect Disord - Drug Targets. 2023;23(2):e280922209238.
Jha N, Bapat SK. A study of sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic microorganisms causing UTI in Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2005;3(2):123–9.
Allocati N, Masulli M, Alexeyev M, Di Ilio C. Escherichia coli in Europe: An Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(12):6235–54.
Niranjan V, Malini A. Antimicrobial resistance pattern in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection among inpatients. Indian J Med Res. 2014;139(6):945–8.
Mathai E, Chandy S, Thomas K, Antoniswamy B, Joseph I, Mathai M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance among commensal Escherichia coli in rural and urban areas in Southern India. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13(1):41–5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Amaila Qaisar, Abeer Israr, Iqra Saeed, Esha Ashfaq, Laiba Shaukat, Faiza Haider
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.