Assessment of Oral Hygiene and Dental Decay among School Children of Rural Area of Pakistan
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Oral health is a fundamental component of overall health and well-being, with dental caries recognized as a prevalent issue affecting a large number of populations globally. The study aimed to assess Oral Hygiene and Dental Decay among School Children.
Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among children of government schools in rural area of Punjab tehsil and, District Attock using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. The duration of the study was 6 months. A Self designed questionnaire were developed based on the literature were used. Data were analyzed with Datatab.
Result: A total of 134 school children including 89 females (66.42%) and 45 males (33.58%). The mean age of the all children was 10.75+1.04 years; with age of female respondents to be 10.65 ± 1.06 years, and male to be 10.93 ± 0.99 years. Majority of the children belonged to the middle class families (n=115, 85.82%), whereas, 19 were from low income families (14.18%). results showed 45.52% (n=61) of school children to have varying level of dental decay. Out of these 61 individuals, 34.33% had initial, 8.21% had moderate, and 2.99% had some advanced stage of dental decay. A significantly strong association was found between the oral hygiene and dental decay (p<0.001), concluding that those children having good oral hygiene showed good dental health. There was no significant association between dental decay and gender (p=0.763), showing that the oral health is irrespective of the gender.
Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene is significantly associated with some form Dental caries and is independent of gender.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, Alhareky M, Gaffar B, Almas K. Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance. Sci World J. 2020 May 28;2020:1–8.
Janakiram C, Mehta A, Venkitachalam R. Prevalence of periodontal disease among adults in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Biol Craniofacial Res. 2020;10(4):800–6.
Jiao J, Jing W, Si Y, Feng X, Tai B, Hu D, et al. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in Mainland China: Data from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey (2015–2016). J Clin Periodontol. 2021 Feb;48(2):168–79.
Alawaji YN, Alshammari A, Mostafa N, Carvalho RM, Aleksejuniene J. Periodontal disease prevalence, extent, and risk associations in untreated individuals. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022 Feb;8(1):380–94.
Abusleme L, Hoare A, Hong B, Diaz PI. Microbial signatures of health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2021 Jun;86(1):57–78.
Preethanath RS, Ibraheem WI, Anil A. Pathogenesis of gingivitis. Oral Dis. 2020;1–19.
Liu X, Xu J, Li S, Wang X, Liu J, Li X. The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6–12 years old. BMC Oral Health. 2022 Dec 21;22(1):623.
Wohlfeil M, Wehner J, Schacher B, Oremek GM, Sauer-Eppel H, Eickholz P. Degree of gingivitis correlates to systemic inflammation parameters. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;401(1–2):105–9.
Perić M, Marhl U, Gennai S, Marruganti C, Graziani F. Treatment of gingivitis is associated with reduction of systemic inflammation and improvement of oral health‐related quality of life: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2022 Sep;49(9):899–910.
Silva C, Albuquerque P, De Assis P, Lopes C, Anníbal H, Lago MCA, et al. Does flossing before or after brushing influence the reduction in the plaque index? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Dent Hyg. 2022 Feb;20(1):18–25.
BATOOL SM, RASHEED M, SYED K, FAROOQ A, AYUB Z, RAHEEM A. Plaque removal efficacy of dental floss compare to water jet following single use. surfaces. 2021;8:9.
Schmid MO, Balmelli OP, Saxer UP. Plaque‐removing effect of a toothbrush, dental floss, and a toothpick. J Clin Periodontol. 1976 Sep;3(3):157–65.
Ligade SS, Pandya S. Assessment of awareness of periodontal disease among dental undergraduates: A questionnaire study. J Dent Res Rev. 2020;7(4):171–6.
Genco RJ, Borgnakke WS. Risk factors for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2013 Jun;62(1):59–94.
Singh C, Doley S, Srivastava M, Piplani A, Gupta R, Gautam Y. Status of Dental Caries and Its Association with Oral Hygiene Practices among School-going Children of Rural and Urban Areas in Kamrup District of Assam. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;
Mehta A. Trends in dental caries in Indian children for the past 25 years. Indian J Dent Res. 2018;
Ss R, Venkatesh P. Prevalence of dental caries among school-going children in South India. 2016;
John JB, Asokan S, Aswanth K, Priya PRG, Shanmugaavel AK. Dental Caries and the Associated Factors Influencing it in Tribal, Suburban and Urban School Children of Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross Sectional Study. J Public Health Res. 2015 Feb 20;4(1):jphr.2015.361.
Shailee F, Girish MS, Kapil RS, Nidhi P. Oral health status and treatment needs among 12-and 15-year-old government and private school children in Shimla city, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(1):44.
Saravanan S, Kalyani V, Vijayarani M, Jayakodi P, Felix J, Arunmozhi P, et al. Caries prevalence and treatment needs of rural school children in Chidambaram Taluk, Tamil Nadu, South India. Indian J Dent Res Off Publ Indian Soc Dent Res. 2008;
Varenne B, Petersen PE, Ouattara S. Oral health status of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso, Africa. Int Dent J. 2004 Apr;54(2):83–9.
Yee R, McDonald N. Caries experience of 5-6-year-old and 12-13-year-old schoolchildren in central and western Nepal. Int Dent J. 2002;
Retnakumari N. Prevalence of dental caries and risk assessment among primary school children of 6-12 years in the Varkala municipal area of Kerala. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 1999;