Impact of Negative Air Ions on Hematological and Hormonal Parameters in Cerebral Palsy
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent disorders arising from non-progressive brain development disruptions during the fetal or infant stages, affecting movement, posture, and various physiological and cognitive functions, including blood parameters, cognition, communication, hearing, metabolism, oral health, sensation, speech, swallowing, and vision.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Negative Air Ions (NAIs) on hematological and hormonal parameters in CP patients, evaluating NAIs as a potential therapeutic intervention.
Methods: Conducted over two months in 2021 at a specialized rehabilitation center in Karachi, Pakistan, the study involved 31 structured NAI exposure sessions over six weeks. Participants were randomly divided into control and intervention groups, with the latter exposed to 10,000 NAIs/cm³ for 40 minutes, three times per week. Hematological assessments, including complete blood count (CBC) and differential analysis, were performed using automated and manual methods. Serum cortisol levels were measured for hormonal assessment. Statistical analysis utilized paired t-tests for within-group comparisons using SPSS version 25.
Results: Both groups showed normal parameters at baseline. The control group had significant increases in hemoglobin (p<0.05), MCV (p<0.05), MCH (p<0.05), and PCV (p<0.01) and decreased platelet count (p<0.01). The intervention group exhibited reductions in leukocyte and platelet counts (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in cortisol levels.
Conclusion: NAI therapy is safe with no adverse hematological or hormonal effects, suggesting its potential as a progressive, non-pharmacological, and cost-effective therapy for CP patients.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2020;16:1505-18.
Rafique H, Rafique A, Syed S, Sami Z. The Oral Health of Cerebral Palsy Patients in Pakistan: A Neglected Domain. Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry. 2023;12(2):68-9.
Cagnon L, Braissant O. Hyperammonemia-Induced Toxicity for the Developing Central Nervous System. Brain Research Reviews. 2007;56(1):183-97.
Deda G, Caksen H, Ciftci E, Ince E, Dogru U. Very High Serum Creatine Kinase Level in a Child with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. Brain & Development. 2002;24(5):314-5.
Santos MT, Guare RO, Leite MF, Ferreira MC, Durao MS, et al. Salivary Osmolality in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy. Archives of Oral Biology. 2010;55(11):855-60.
Tomoum HY, Badawy NB, Hassan NE, Alian KM. Anthropometry and Body Composition Analysis in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Clinical Nutrition. 2010;29(4):477-81.
Rafique A, Naz H. A Survey-Based Report on the Occurrence of Cerebral Palsy in Urban Areas of Karachi. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2020;70(8):1442-4.
Rafique A, Naz H. A Retrospective Cohort Study of Probable Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy in Karachi, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal. 2023;48(2):452-7.
Rafique A. The Burden of Cerebral Palsy in Pakistan: An Insight into Demographic and Preventive Plan. Cukurova Medical Journal. 2022;47(4):1759-60.
Rafique A. An Insight into the Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health. 2022;12(4):157.
Jiang SY, Ma A, Ramachandran S. Negative Air Ions and Their Effects on Human Health and Air Quality Improvement. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(10):2966.
Rafique A. Negative Air Ions Induced Amelioration of Biochemical Parameters in Cerebral Palsy Patients. Liaquat Medical Research Journal. 2014;6(1):10–8.
Rafique A. Negative Air Ions (NAIs) as Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy for Cerebral Palsy Patients. Journal Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences. 2024;12(2):96-100.
Rafique A, Naz H. Negative Air Environment-Induced Rehabilitation of Spasticity and Behavior During Physiotherapy in Cerebral Palsy Patients. Biosight. 2023;4(1):52-63.
Della Vecchia A, Mucci F, Pozza A, Marazziti D. Negative Air Ions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2021;28(13):2521-39.
Rehman A, Naz H, Rafique A. Effectiveness of Environmental Enrichment Techniques on Spastic Diplegia and Behavioral Modulation of Three Cerebral Palsy Pakistani Children. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2019;10(12):228-32.
Lazzerini FT, Orlando MT, De Prá W. Progress of Negative Air Ions in Health Tourism Environments Applications. Boletin De La Sociedad Espanola De Hidrologia Medica. 2018;33(1):27-46.
Khandelwal R, Manjunath VV, Mehta L, Mangajjera SB. Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine. 2023;16(1):1-7.
Daly ME. Determinants of Platelet Count in Humans. Haematologica. 2011;96(1):10–3.
Schrottmaier WC, Mussbacher M, Salzmann M, Assinger A. Platelet-Leukocyte Interplay During Vascular Disease. Atherosclerosis. 2020;307:109-20.
Zhao X, Chen M, Du S, Li H, Li X. Evaluation of Stress and Pain in Young Children with Cerebral Palsy During Early Developmental Intervention Programs: A Descriptive Study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2015;94(3):169-79.
Kim SK, Shin WS, Kim MK, Yeoun PS, Park JH, et al. The Effects of Negative Ions on Stress Responses and Cognitive Functions. Journal of Korean Forest Society. 2008;97(4):423-30.