Evaluation of Acute Toxicity, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ducrosia Anethifolia on Mice Effects of Ducrosia anethifolia on Mice
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Pain and inflammation are complex biological mechanisms often associated with sensory, emotional, and cognitive discomfort resulting from tissue damage. Traditional medicine frequently employs medicinal plants for managing these conditions due to the adverse effects associated with conventional drugs. Ducrosia anethifolia, a medicinal plant native to Balochistan, Pakistan, is traditionally used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of D. anethifolia seeds in mice.
Methods: The seeds of D. anethifolia were collected, authenticated, and extracted using methanol. Acute toxicity was assessed by administering oral doses of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg to groups of mice and observing mortality rates over 24 hours. The analgesic effects were evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the formalin-induced pain test. For the writhing test, mice were divided into groups and treated with 0.5 ml of normal saline (control), 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of the extract, or 50 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium. Writhing responses were recorded for 30 minutes post-injection of acetic acid. In the formalin test, mice received treatments as in the writhing test, and licking and biting behaviors were recorded during acute (0-5 minutes) and chronic (15-30 minutes) phases. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method, where paw volumes were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours post-carrageenan injection.
Results: In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of the extract was determined to be 2000 mg/kg. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses of the extract showed significant analgesic effects with percentage inhibitions of 41.16% (p<0.05) and 62.07% (p<0.01), respectively. In the formalin test, the 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg doses significantly reduced licking and biting behaviors in the chronic phase to 39.66 ± 0.60 (p<0.05) and 30.16 ± 1.24 (p<0.05) respectively, compared to the control. In the anti-inflammatory test, the 500 mg/kg dose significantly reduced paw edema with a percentage inhibition of 48.40% (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The methanolic seed extract of D. anethifolia demonstrated significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its traditional use for pain relief and inflammation management. These findings suggest that D. anethifolia could be a potential source for developing new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents with fewer side effects than conventional drugs
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Chiu IM, von Hehn CA, Woolf CJ. Pain and Infection: Pathogen Detection by Nociceptors. Pain. 2016;157(6):1192.
Turk DC. Pain Terms and Taxonomies of Pain. In: Bonica's Management of Pain. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
Lee H, Hubscher M, Moseley GL, Kamper SJ, Traeger AC, Mansell G, et al. How Does Pain Lead to Disability? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mediation Studies in People With Back and Neck Pain. Pain. 2015;156(6):988-997.
Simundic AM. New Insights in the Pathophysiology of Inflammation. Biochem Med. 2011;21(3):243-244.
Iqbal K, Saba N, Aslam M, et al. Comparative Study on Antileishmanial and Cytotoxic Activity of Lawsonia Inermis Bark and Aloe Vera Leaves. Int J Biol Pharm Allied Sci. 2016;5(6):1490-1500.
Badshah I, Khan A, Iqbal K, et al. Emodin Alleviates Chronic Constriction Injury Induced Neuropathic Pain and Inflammation Via Modulating PPAR-Gamma Pathway. PLoS One. 2023;18(7).
Kumar R, Clermont G, Vodovotz Y, Chow CC. The Dynamics of Acute Inflammation. J Theor Biol. 2004;230(2):145-155.
Iqbal K, Aslam M, Saba N, et al. Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Quercetin 3-Glucoside, Oxyresveratrol and Quercetin O-Hexoside Against Leishmania Tropica. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2022;58.
Wade CL, Edwards JR, Northcutt A, Wilson T, Fairbanks CA, Kitto KF, et al. Drug Addiction and Chronic Pain: A Review of Animal Models. In: Neurobiological Studies of Addiction in Chronic Pain States. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 61-79.
Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, Sessler DI, Lebrault C, Alfonsi P, et al. Acute Opioid Tolerance: Intraoperative Remifentanil Increases Postoperative Pain and Morphine Requirement. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(2):409-417.
Khan AW, Iqbal K, Nawaz S, et al. Antiplatelet and Antioxidant Activities of Tomato. J Food Nutr Res. 2019;7(6):435-442.
Gitu LM. Biological and Phytochemical Studies of Medicinal Plants, Antidesma Venosum (Euphorbiaceae) and Kotschya Africana (Fabaceae) Used in Traditional Medicine in Kenya [PhD dissertation]. Nairobi: University of Nairobi; 2013.
Iqbal K, Aslam M, Saba N, et al. Accelerated Stability Indicating - Method Development of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis and Its Validation for Vitamin-D3 Estimation in Tablets. Appl Sci Res Periodicals. 2023;1(9):73-82.
Sharif A, Qaiser M, Flora of Pakistan. Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Pakistan Used to Treat Skin Diseases: A Review. Chin Med. 2018;13(1):1-26.
Iqbal K, Akhtar S, Rasool S, et al. Antileishmanial Activity of Cassia Fistula L., Morus Nigra L. and Ziziphus Jujuba Mill., Plant Extracts. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(46B):466-471.
Shinwari ZK. Medicinal Plants Research in Pakistan. J Med Plants Res. 2010;4(3):161-176.
Tareen RB, Rehman H, Shinwari ZK, et al. Indigenous Knowledge of Folk Medicine by the Women of Kalat and Khuzdar Regions of Balochistan, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2010;42(3):1465-1485.
Mottaghipisheh J, Avijgan M, Habibi-Rezaei M, et al. Ducrosia Spp., Rare Plants With Promising Phytochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics: An Updated Review. Pharmaceuticals. 2020;13(8):175.
Parsa A. Medicinal Plants and Drugs of Plant Origin in Iran. I. Qual Plant Mater Veg. 1959;5(4):375-394.
Baloch H. An Exhaustive Collection of Medicinal and Economically Important Plants From Balochistan. Quetta: Balochistan University Press; 2012.
Lorke D. A New Approach to Practical Acute Toxicity Testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983;54(4):275-287.
Koster R, Anderson M, DeBeer EJ. Acetic Acid for Analgesic Screening. Fed Proc. 1959;18:412-417.
Qureshi M, Ahmad VU, Shoaib RM, et al. Phytochemical and Biological Assessments on Lipidium Meyenii (Maca) and Epimidium Sagittatum (Horny Goat Weed). Pak J Pharm Sci. 2017;30(1):1-7.
Iqbal K, Akhtar S, Rasool S, et al. Luteolin as a Potent Antileishmanial Agent Against Intracellular Leishmania Tropica Parasites. Trop J Pharm Res. 2017;16(2):337-342.
Ezeja MI, Anaga AO, Asuzu IU. Evaluation of the Analgesic Activity of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Dialium Guineense (Wild). Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2011;1(1):55-62.
Rosland JH, Tjølsen A, Madsen H. The Formalin Test in Mice: Effect of Formalin Concentration. Pain. 1990;42(2):235-242.
Iqbal J, Anwar M, Iqbal K, et al. Evaluation of Acute Toxicity, Sedative and Analgesic Effects of Taverniera Glabra Methanolic Extract on Mice. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29:751-757.
Iqbal K, Akhtar S, Rasool S, et al. Resveratrol, A Cell Growth Inhibitor Against Leishmania Tropica. J Drug Des Med Chem. 2024;10(1):8-10.
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenin-Induced Edema in Hind Paw of the Rat as an Assay for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962;111(3):544-547.
Banerjee S, Sur TK, Mandal S, et al. Evaluation of Analgesic Activities of Methanolic Extract of Medicinal Plant Juniperus Communis Linn. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(5):547-550.
Asgari Neamatian M, Maleki-Dizaji N, Nazemiyeh H, et al. Assessment of the Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory and Acute Toxicity Effects of Ducrosia Anethifolia Essential Oil in Mice. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2017;22(3):74-84.
Sayah M, Rahbar N, Kamalinejad M, et al. Anti-Nociceptive Effect of the Fruit Essential Oil of Cuminum Cyminum L. in Rat. Iran Biomed J. 2002;6(4):141-145.
Aziz Q, Khan AU, Ahmed S, et al. Comparative Assessment of Compounds in Lawsonia Inermis L. - A Potent Antileishmanial Plant. Adv Pharmacol Clin Trials. 2023;8(4):000230.
Schwartz ES, La JH, Scheff NN, et al. Nociceptive and Inflammatory Mediator Upregulation in a Mouse Model of Chronic Prostatitis. Pain. 2015;156(8):1537-1547.
Morgan A, Boulos L, Ghazaly U, et al. Phytochemical Constituents From the Aerial Part of Ducrosia Ismaelis Asch. Nat Prod Sci. 2015;21(1):6-13.
Serhan CN, Ward PA, Gilroy DW. Fundamentals of Inflammation. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2010.