Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Various Brands of Tobacco Cigarettes Marketed in Pakistan and Their Implications in Public Health Heavy Metals in Pakistani Cigarettes
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Abstract
Background: Tobacco cigarette consumption in Pakistan poses significant health risks due to the presence of toxic substances. Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemicals, including toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), which can cause severe health issues.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in various cigarette brands in Pakistan and assess public health implications.
Methods: Five cigarette brands—Capstan, Gold Leaf, Embassy, Red & White, and Pine—were analyzed. Samples were collected from local markets, oven-dried for eight days, and digested using sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, with significance assessed using Two-Way ANOVA at a 0.05 significance level.
Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in tobacco samples were: Cd (0.35-0.43 mg/kg), Cr (10-14 mg/kg), Cu (17-23 mg/kg), Co (0.7-0.9 mg/kg), Mn (45-62 mg/kg), Zn (60-70 mg/kg), Fe (40-46 mg/kg), Pb (1.8-2.3 mg/kg), and Ni (5-8 mg/kg). Concentrations varied significantly among brands (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The study found significant heavy metal concentrations in Pakistani cigarette brands, highlighting the need for regulatory oversight and public health interventions. Toxic metals in tobacco pose serious health risks, necessitating strict regulatory limits and increased public awareness to protect health.
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