Impacts of Post-Terrorism in Conditioning the Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects of Life: A Study into Cognitive Behaviours of College Students of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Through the Lens of Conscientization
Impact of Post-Terrorism on Neurobiological and Psychological Aspects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1334Keywords:
Post-terrorism, neurobiological and psychological aspects, cognitive behaviours, college students, conscientization, cognitive distortionAbstract
Background: Post-terrorism events have significantly impacted the psychological and neurobiological aspects of life, particularly among college students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. This study explores how these experiences shape cognitive behaviors, speech patterns, and emotional responses.
Objective: To analyze the impact of post-terrorism on the neurobiological and psychological conditioning of college students in KP through the concept of conscientization.
Methods: This qualitative study involved 200 college students selected through purposive and snowball sampling from various colleges in KP. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and feedback forms. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key patterns and cognitive distortions, and SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis.
Results: Cognitive distortions such as overgeneralization and catastrophizing were observed in 88% of respondents. 80% reported decreased academic performance and 75% experienced significant emotional distress, including anxiety and depression. Behavioral changes, including increased aggression, were noted in 73% of participants.
Conclusion: Post-terrorism has profound neurobiological and psychological effects on college students in KP. While conscientization shows potential in fostering resilience, comprehensive mental health interventions are needed
Downloads
References
Ben-Yehuda N. Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism. Journal of Religion and Society. 2012;14:1-18.
Goode E, Ben-Yehuda N. Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. 2nd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. p. 151-154.
Turk A. Sociology of Terrorism. Annual Review of Sociology. 2004;30:271-286.
Carberry AJ. Military and Society: The Impact of Militarization on Social Structure. Armed Forces & Society. 1999;25(4):685-713.
Freire P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. 30th Anniversary ed. New York, NY: Continuum; 2000. p. 48, 62, 72.
Yehuda R, Hyman SE. The Impact of Terrorism on Brain Structure and Function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005;1032:1-8.
Abbas S, Sidra N. Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress: Implications for Mental Health. International Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2019;13(2):71-78.
Masten AS, Costello EJ, Pine DS. Developmental Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders: Phenomenology, Prevalence, and Comorbidity. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2005;1:81-113.
Dedert EA, Calhoun PS, Watkins LL, Sherwood A, Beckham JC. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Cardiovascular, and Metabolic Disease: A Review of the Evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2011;41(4):287-297.
McNeil R. Genetic Risk Factors in the Development of PTSD: Implications for Treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;180(5):1.
Afzal M. Education and Attitudes in Pakistan: Understanding Perception of Terrorism. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace; 2015.
Beretsky S. How Does Black-And-White Thinking Affect Your Mood and Behavior? Psych-Central. 2023.
Borum R. Psychology of Terrorism. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida; 2004.
Mano S, Duek O, Jimenez C. Underlying Hippocampal Mechanism of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Outcome: Evidence from Two Clinical Trials. Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science. 2023;3(2):15-22.
Cruz N. Critical Pedagogy in Practice: Freirean Approaches to Transforming Education. Harvard Educational Review. 2013;83(2):171-172.
Gbadegeshin S, Appiah B, Boateng F, Susimetsa L. Sociocultural Conception of Man. HAMK Unlimited Journal. 2019.
Gross E, DeVilliers S. Cognitive Processes Unfold in a Social Context: A Review and Extension of Social Baseline Theory. Journal of Cognitive Science. 2020;21(3):299-319.
Junaidi I. Violence-Linked Fatalities Hit Six-Year High. Dawn (Karachi, Pakistan). 2024 Aug 2.
Piaget J. The Psychology of Intelligence. New York, NY: Routledge; 1950.
Salayo J. Activism in Academic Writing in the Arts: Positioning Social Realities for a Critical Writing Pedagogy. Critical Inquiry. 2024;50(1):121-142.
Sanchez A. The Social Focus Framework: Antiracist and Anticolonial Conscientization, Consequence, and Presencing in Science Education. Science Education. 2024;108(1):25-46.
Hooks B. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York, NY: Routledge; 1994.
Bricmont J. Humanitarian Imperialism: Using Human Rights to Sell War. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press; 1998.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullah Mughal, Rashid Hussain Mughal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.