Sex, Age, and Lifestyle Correlates of Nephrolithiasis in Sialkot: Evidence from a 450-Patient Hospital Cohort

Abstract

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial renal disorder with rising prevalence globally, particularly in regions with hot climates, dietary imbalance, and industrial exposure. Despite increasing clinical burden, contextual data from industrial zones of Pakistan remain limited, restricting preventive and occupational health strategies. Objective: To determine the prevalence and demographic, lifestyle, and environmental correlates of nephrolithiasis among adult patients attending hospitals in Sialkot, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 450 adults recruited from Amina Hospital and District Headquarters Hospital, Sialkot, between Sociodemographic, occupational, and lifestyle data were collected using a structured questionnaire and verified through clinical records. Logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS v26 to identify independent predictors of nephrolithiasis, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Overall nephrolithiasis prevalence was 41.1%, higher in males (48.5%) than females (31.6%) (p = 0.001). Independent predictors included male sex (aOR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.34–3.24), rural residence (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.15–2.78), industrial exposure (aOR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.41–3.45), smoking (aOR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.44–3.55), sedentary lifestyle (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.06–2.49), and non-vegetarian diet (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.49–4.38). Model fit was adequate (Hosmer–Lemeshow p = 0.64). Conclusion: Nephrolithiasis in Sialkot is strongly associated with industrial exposure, lifestyle factors, and rural habitation. These findings underscore the need for targeted workplace hydration policies, dietary education, and community-level prevention programs