Structural Characterization, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus Limettarisso, Citrus Nobilis X Citrus Deliciosa and Citrus Maxima
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v3i2.187Keywords:
Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, Citrus maxima, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Phytochemicals, Essential oilsAbstract
Background: The pharmacological properties of citrus fruits have long been recognized in traditional medicine, with recent scientific studies corroborating their potential as sources of natural bioactive compounds. Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, in particular, have garnered attention for their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Prior research has highlighted these species' capabilities, with various studies reporting on their significant health benefits.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the peels of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, thereby contributing to the understanding of their potential therapeutic applications.
Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the peels of the three citrus species using hydro distillation. The antioxidant activity was assessed through Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Antiglycation potential and alpha-amylase inhibition were evaluated for antidiabetic properties, while antimicrobial activity was determined using the Agar Well Diffusion Method.
Results: Citrus limettarisso showed the highest TPC (301.4474 ± 2.930402 mg GAE/100g) and significant antioxidant activity (68.26347% DPPH scavenging). Citrus maxima exhibited a high TFC (143.8727 ± 5.454545 mg CE/100g) but lower TPC (115.8333 ± 3.553444 mg GAE/100g). Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa demonstrated considerable TPC (244.1667 ± 5.862774 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (50.17576 ± 0.457566 mg CE/100g). Antiglycation and alpha-amylase inhibition assays revealed Citrus limettarisso as the most potent antidiabetic agent with the highest inhibition percentages. All three species showed significant antimicrobial activity.
Conclusion: The study confirms the substantial pharmacological potential of Citrus limettarisso, Citrus nobilis x Citrus deliciosa, and Citrus maxima, particularly in terms of their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Citrus limettarisso emerged as the most potent in most assays, underscoring its potential for therapeutic use. These findings support the use of these citrus species as natural sources of bioactive compounds for health and medical applications. It carries special importance for public health advancements.
Downloads
References
Kaur N, Ahmed T. Bioactive secondary metabolites of medicinal and aromatic plants and their disease-fighting properties. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Healthcare and Industrial Applications. 2021:113-42.
Velu G, Palanichamy V, Rajan AP. Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of plant secondary metabolites in modern medicine. Bioorganic phase in natural food: an overview. 2018:135-56.
Mahajan M, Kuiry R, Pal PK. Understanding the consequence of environmental stress for accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2020;18:100255.
Aftab T. A review of medicinal and aromatic plants and their secondary metabolites status under abiotic stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2019;7(3):99-106.
Hussein RA, El-Anssary AA. Plants secondary metabolites: the key drivers of the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants. Herbal medicine. 2019;1(3).
MANIKYAM HK, TRIPATHI P, PATIL SB, LAMICHHANE J, CHAITANYA M, PATIL AR. Extraction, purification, and quantification of hesperidin from the immature Citrus grandis/maxima fruit Nepal cultivar. Asian Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry. 2022;20(1).
Sharma P, Dadwal V, Rahmatkar SN, Gupta M, Singh D. Flavonoid Composition and Antioxidant Efficacy of Citrus Peels: An Integrated in vitro and in silico Approach toward Potential Neuroprotective Agents. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2022;81(05):445-54.
Pandey L, Upadhyay RK. Toxic Effects of Citrus maxima Based Combinatorial Formulations on Important Metabolic Enzymes in Indian White Termite Odontotermes obesus. Advances in Enzyme Research. 2023;11(2):11-33.
Chappalwar A, Pathak V, Goswami M, Bharti S, Singh S, Singh P, et al. Efficiency of citrus fruits to improve functional properties of livestock products. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2018;6:59-66.
B'chir F, Arnaud MJ. Chemical profile and extraction yield of essential oils from peel of Citrus limon, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus limetta: a review. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 2023;79:135-204.
Bhatti SA, Hussain MH, Mohsin MZ, Mohsin A, Zaman WQ, Guo M, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of Capsicum, Nigella sativa, Musa paradisiaca L., and Citrus limetta: A review. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2022;6:1043823.
Khanal P. EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON BIO-ACTIVE COMPONENTS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEMON PEEL: Department of Food Technology Central Campus of Technology Institute of …; 2022.
Suri S, Singh A, Nema PK, Taneja NK. A Comparative Study on the Debittering of Kinnow (Citrus reticulate L.) Peels: Microbial, Chemical, and Ultrasound-Assisted Microbial Treatment. Fermentation. 2022;8(8):389.
Jerang A, Kumari S, Borthakur M, Ahmed S. Anatomical and Physiological Responses of Citrus megaloxycarpa Lush.: a Cryptic Species of Northeast India. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2022;194(1):382-94.
Singh S, Singh D, Patel V, editors. Souvenir cum Lead & Oral Paper Abstracts Book. 9th Indian Horticulture Congress-Horticulture for Health, Livelihoods and Economy; 2021.
Naseer B, Sharma V, Hussain SZ, Bora J. Development of functional snack food from almond press cake and pearl millet flour. Letters in Applied NanoBioScience. 2021;11(1):3191-207.
Monteiro F, Shetty SS, Ranjitha K, Shetty VV, Shetty DP, Patil P. Phytochemical profiling, total flavonoid, total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant evaluation of Citrus maxima extract. Biomedicine. 2022;42(5):912-9.
Suwannapong A, Talubmook C, Promprom W. Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Fruit Pulp Extracts of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne and Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. The Scientific World Journal. 2023;2023.
Hussain A, Kausar T, Din A, Murtaza MA, Jamil MA, Noreen S, et al. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and mineral contents in peel, flesh, and seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2021;45(6):e15542.
Obeng E, Kpodo F, Tettey C, Essuman E, Adzinyo O. Antioxidant, total phenols and proximate constituents of four tropical leafy vegetables. Scientific African. 2020;7:e00227.
Bordoloi A, Goosen NJ. A greener alternative using subcritical water extraction to valorize the brown macroalgae Ecklonia maxima for bioactive compounds. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2020;32:2307-19.
Malik A, Najda A, Bains A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Chawla P. Characterization of Citrus nobilis peel methanolic extract for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity. Molecules. 2021;26(14):4310.
Tayyab M, Hanif M, Rafey A, Amanullah, Mohibullah M, Rasool S, et al. UHPLC, ATR-FTIR profiling and determination of 15 LOX, α-glucosidase, ages inhibition and antibacterial properties of citrus peel extracts. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2021;55(2):176-86.
Maurya AK, Mohanty S, Pal A, Chanotiya CS, Bawankule DU. The essential oil from Citrus limetta Risso peels alleviates skin inflammation: In-vitro and in-vivo study. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2018;212:86-94.
Damian-Reyna AA, González-Hernández JC, Ayala-Zavala JF, Penagos CdJC, Maya-Yescas R, Chávez-Parga MdC. Antioxidant capacity and food pathogenic bacteria inhibition of Citrus limetta and Citrus reticulata. Citrus-Health Benefits and Production Technology: IntechOpen London, UK; 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Faiza Batool
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
