Comparison of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Immunochromatographic Strip for Screening of Hepatitis B virus Surface Antigen (Hbsag) and Hepatitis C Virus (Anti HCV) Related in a Low Resource Setting
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) are major causes of liver disease worldwide, with significant prevalence in low-resource settings. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and control of these infections. This study compares the efficacy of immunochromatographic tests (ICT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of HBV and HCV.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ICT in comparison with ELISA for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV in a semi-urban, low-resource setting.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 951 blood samples were collected from patients at a tertiary care hospital on the outskirts of Lahore. Samples were tested for HBsAg and anti-HCV using the rapid ICT method (Abbott Bioline HBsAg WB and Abbott Bioline HCV). Positive results were confirmed using ELISA (ANTEC Diagnostic Products, UK). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, focusing on the comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and overall concordance between the two testing methods.
Results: Out of 951 individuals tested, the ICT method identified 71 positive cases (7.4%), with 11 (1.2%) for HBsAg and 60 (6.3%) for anti-HCV. ELISA confirmed all 71 positive cases identified by ICT, indicating high concordance between the two methods. The gender distribution was 434 males (45.6%) and 517 females (54.4%), with the majority in the 21-40 year age group (52.2%).
Conclusion: ICT is a reliable and cost-effective screening tool for HBsAg and anti-HCV in low-resource settings, with results highly comparable to those obtained from ELISA. Its application could significantly aid in the early detection and management of hepatitis in areas where access to more sophisticated diagnostic facilities is limited.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Shen F, Xu Y, Song T, Chen J, Wang Y. Rapid determination of ultra-trace levels of atrazine in surface water by on line solid phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Se pu= Chinese Journal of Chromatography. 2018;36(10):1018-21.
Wu X, Shen S, Yan H, Yuan Y, Chen X. Efficient enrichment and analysis of atrazine and its degradation products in Chinese Yam using accelerated solvent extraction and pipette tip solid-phase extraction followed by UPLC–DAD. Food Chemistry. 2021;337:127752.
Liang S, Dong X, Su M, Sun H. Analysis of herbicide atrazine and its degradation products in cereals by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical Methods. 2016;8(17):3599-604.
Lv ZQ, Wang CH, Wang TT, Chen CC, Wang Y, Ning BA, et al. Detection of atrazine residue in food samples by a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biomed Environ Sci. 2013;26(5):398-402.
Wang Y-D, Qin J-A, Wu L, Wang B-M, Eremin S, Yang S-H, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of atrazine in three medicinal herbal roots. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2021;7(1):97-103.
Ince B, Sezgintürk MK. Lateral flow assays for viruses diagnosis: Up-to-date technology and future prospects. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2022:116725.
Alberts CJ, Clifford GM, Georges D, Negro F, Lesi OA, Hutin YJ, et al. Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2022.
Bhatti ABH. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Pakistan: an update. Liver Cancer in the Middle East. 2021:387-96.
Izevbuwa OE. The Seroprevalence of transfusion transmissible hepatitis viruses in Kwara state Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Biology. 2022;6(2):14-35.
Rahaman S, Islam S, Sakib KRI, Ferdous K, Islam MNI, Hossen MA-A, et al. Comparison of ELISA & ICT Methods Determining Hepatitis B Surface in Suspected Patient Attending at Bangladesh Institute of Health Science (BIHS) General Hospital, Dhaka. American Journal of Medical Science and Innovation. 2023;2(2):31-5.
Omosigho PO, Izevbuwa O, Osasona A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses among pregnant women in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Microbes and Infectious Diseases. 2022;3(3):566-77.
Virtudazo MCC, Aquino JB, Arellano RNB, Fortes RA, Kaw RC, Tantengco OAG. The role of dried blood spot tests in the detection of hepatitis B infection: A systematic review. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2023.
Saba N, Nisar M, Muhammad I, Saeed M, Wazeer A, Shaheen Z, et al. Performance Evaluation of In Vitro Screening Kits for Hepatitis B in Resource-Limited Settings. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences. 2023;1(1):25-9.
Mandal S. A Comparative Study on Chemiluminescent Immunoassay with Immunochromatography Test in the Screening Process of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Laboratory Medicine. 2020;1(1):34-8.
Pauly MD, Ganova-Raeva L. Point-of-Care Testing for Hepatitis Viruses: A Growing Need. Life. 2023;13(12):2271.
Abu N, Mohd Bakhori N, Shueb RH. Lateral Flow Assay for Hepatitis B Detection: A Review of Current and New Assays. Micromachines. 2023;14(6):1239.
Jackson K, Gish RG. Point of care diagnostic testing for hepatitis B virus. Current Hepatology Reports. 2020;19:245-53.
Xiao Y, Thompson AJ, Howell J. Point-of-care tests for hepatitis B: an overview. Cells. 2020;9(10):2233.
Shenge JA, Osiowy C. Rapid diagnostics for hepatitis B and C viruses in low-and middle-income countries. Frontiers in Virology. 2021;1:742722.
Alhajj M, Zubair M, Farhana A. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. StatPearls. 2023.
SINGH R, HUIDROM S, DUTTA S, SADHUKHAN PC, SINGH KL. Comparative Evaluation of Three Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus among High-risk Individuals in a Tertiary Care Centre of Northeast India. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2022;16(7).
Prabdial‐Sing N, Gaelejwe L, Makhathini L, Thaver J, Manamela MJ, Malfeld S, et al. The performance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody point‐of‐care tests on oral fluid or whole blood and dried blood spot testing for HCV serology and viral load among individuals at higher risk for HCV in South Africa. Health science reports. 2021;4(1):e229.
Takahashi M, Kunita S, Nishizawa T, Ohnishi H, Primadharsini PP, Nagashima S, et al. Infection Dynamics and Genomic Mutations of Hepatitis E Virus in Naturally Infected Pigs on a Farrow-to-Finish Farm in Japan: A Survey from 2012 to 2021. Viruses. 2023;15(7):1516.
Abu-Bader SH. Using statistical methods in social science research: With a complete SPSS guide: Oxford University Press, USA; 2021.
Prabha P, Saikeerthana D, Vijayashree V, Gogan M. A comparison of rapid screening test and ELISA for the diagnosis of hepatitis B surface antigen in patients attending a tertiary care hospital, Tamil Nadu, India. Natl J Lab Med. 2022;11:22-5.
Raj JS, Bashar A, Ramson S. Innovative data communication technologies and application: Springer; 2022.
Irwig L, Macaskill P, Houssami N. Evidence relevant to the investigation of breast symptoms: the triple test. The Breast. 2002;11(3):215-20.
Safiya L, Ahmed J, Fatema A, Nikhat S, Aabid S, Hussain S. Lifestyle Age Related Ophthalmic Diseases: Preventive Strategies from Unani System of Medicine. International Journal of Advances in Health Sciences (IJHS). 2015;2(5):528-34.
Irshad R, Ahmed W, Alam S. Comparison of rapid anti-HCV multi-sure kit with gold standard ELISA. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019;29(11):1053-6.
Xing K-Y, Peng J, Shan S, Liu D-F, Huang Y-N, Lai W-H. Green enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the single-stranded binding protein-assisted aptamer for the detection of mycotoxin. Analytical Chemistry. 2020;92(12):8422-6.