Immunization Coverage and Factors Associated with Failure to Complete Childhood Immunization
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Abstract
Background: Immunization is a cornerstone of public health, aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality among children. Despite global efforts to increase vaccination coverage, gaps in immunization persist, influenced by a variety of socio-economic and demographic factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for improving vaccination strategies and achieving herd immunity.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the immunization coverage among children aged 12 to 23 months and identify factors associated with incomplete immunization in a peri-urban area of Peshawar.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 15, 2021, to November 15, 2022, involving 239 children aged 12 to 23 months from five villages selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Data on demographic and socio-economic factors, along with immunization status, were collected through interviews with mothers and caretakers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Immunization coverage was assessed, and factors associated with failure to complete immunization were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: The study revealed that 50.2% (120/239) of children were fully immunized, 35.5% (85/239) were partially immunized, and 14.2% (34/239) were unimmunized. Factors contributing to incomplete immunization included lack of information (31/239), lack of motivation (17/239), accessibility issues (9/239), vaccine availability (7/239), and family-related challenges (22/239). No significant gender discrimination in immunization coverage was observed. Children from families with lower socioeconomic status and parents with education less than secondary level were more likely to be incompletely immunized.
Conclusion: While there has been progress in immunization coverage, significant barriers remain, particularly among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds and families with lower levels of parental education. Addressing these challenges through targeted public health interventions and enhanced community awareness is essential for improving immunization coverage and protecting children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
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