Exploring the Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review Mental Health Effects of COVID-19
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Abstract
Background: COVID-19, caused by the positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency on January 30, 2020, due to its rapid spread and severity, initially presenting with symptoms resembling viral pneumonia.
Objective: This review investigates the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 infection, focusing on identifying key risk factors and understanding the virus's pathogenic mechanisms.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies published between December 2019 and July 2023. Keywords included "COVID-19," "mental health," "stress," "anxiety," "depression," "quarantine," and "social distancing." Inclusion criteria were studies examining the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers, the public, and COVID-19 patients. Data extraction focused on study design, sample size, population characteristics, assessment methods, and key findings. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics to summarize study characteristics and synthesize qualitative data for common themes.
Results: The review included 20 studies, with a total sample size of 36,204 participants. Key findings indicated significant levels of anxiety (ranging from 20% to 35%), depression (ranging from 15% to 25%), and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) (up to 96.2%) among various populations. Risk factors included social isolation, economic instability, and increased stress levels. Protective factors identified were timely dissemination of accurate health information and adherence to precautionary measures, which were associated with lower levels of psychological distress.
Conclusion: Understanding the complex interplay between mental health and COVID-19 infection is crucial for developing effective public health strategies. Addressing these factors comprehensively can bolster prevention efforts and enhance outcomes for individuals and communities affected by the ongoing pandemic.
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