The Metabolic Insight into Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evaluating Adiponectin's Impact on Severity and Therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.769Keywords:
Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADIPOQ gene, adiponectin, dementia, cognitive impairment, biomarker, metabolic dysregulation, neurodevelopmental disordersAbstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has suggested a significant link between metabolic alterations and ASD pathology, particularly focusing on adiponectin, a hormone related to glucose regulation and fatty acid breakdown. Anomalies in adiponectin levels have been associated with cognitive impairment and the severity of ASD.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the potential of the ADIPOQ gene as a biomarker for dementia in individuals with ASD, exploring its correlation with cognitive decline and metabolic dysregulation.
Methods: A total of 108 EDTA blood samples from ASD patients and 32 from healthy controls were collected after obtaining written informed consent. The inclusion criteria included individuals aged over 40 with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and confirmed cases of diabetes and dementia. Exclusion criteria comprised the absence of clinical history, refusal of consent, and secondary autism. Adiponectin levels were quantified using ELISA, and cognitive function was assessed via MMSE scores over a six-month follow-up period. Data analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 9.0 with ANOVA for statistical significance.
Results: The study found a significant decrease in adiponectin levels among ASD patients (5.17±1.04 µg/mL) compared to healthy controls (11.37±4.14 µg/mL, p=0.014). MMSE scores were notably lower in the ASD group (10.26±2.56) than in controls (23.1±3.12, p=0.006). A marked underexpression of ADIPOQ gene (fold change of 4.9) was observed in patients with dementia.
Conclusion: The ADIPOQ gene shows potential as a biomarker for the early detection of dementia in ASD, offering avenues for personalized medical interventions and preventative healthcare measures. Recognizing its role could lead to improved therapeutic strategies and a reduction in the healthcare burden due to neurodegenerative diseases associated with ASD.
Downloads
References
Hodges H, Fealko C, Soares N. Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S55-S65.
Amaral DG. Examining the Causes of Autism. Cerebrum. 2017;2017:cer-01-17.
Silva MVF, Loures CMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):33.
Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. Phenomics. 2023;3(4):333-349.
Howlader M, Sultana MI, Akter F, Hossain MM. Adiponectin gene polymorphisms associated with diabetes mellitus: A descriptive review. Heliyon. 2021;7(8):e07851.
Chen R, Shu Y, Zeng Y. Links Between Adiponectin and Dementia: From Risk Factors to Pathophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;11:356.
Ouchi N, Walsh K. Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380(1-2):24-30.
Han CY. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(4):272-279.
Shen L, Jia J. An Overview of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(2):183-190.
Khoramipour K, Chamari K, Hekmatikar AA, Ziyaiyan A, Taherkhani S, Elguindy NM, Bragazzi NL. Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1180.
Chen R, Shu Y, Zeng Y. Links Between Adiponectin and Dementia: From Risk Factors to Pathophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;11:356.
Rizzo MR, Fasano R, Paolisso G. Adiponectin and Cognitive Decline. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6):2010.
Idrizaj E, Garella R, Nistri S, Dell'Accio A, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Castellini G, Ricca V, Squecco R, Baccari MC. Adiponectin Exerts Peripheral Inhibitory Effects on the Mouse Gastric Smooth Muscle through the AMPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9617.
Al-Nbaheen MS. Effect of Genetic Variations in the ADIPOQ Gene on Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:2753-2761.
Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):975-999.
Uddin MS, Rahman MM, Sufian MA, Jeandet P, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Amran MS. Exploring the New Horizon of AdipoQ in Obesity-Related Alzheimer's Dementia. Front Physiol. 2021;11:567678.
Horton WB, Barrett EJ. Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Disease. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(1):29-55.
Ma C, Hong F, Yang S. Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1210.
Kaiyrlykyzy A, Umbayev B, Masoud AR, Baibulatova A, Tsoy A, Olzhayev F, Alzhanova D, Zholdasbekova G, Davletov K, Akilzhanova A, Askarova S. Circulating adiponectin levels, expression of adiponectin receptors, and methylation of adiponectin gene promoter in relation to Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15(1):262.
Iwabu M, Okada-Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Adiponectin/AdipoR Research and Its Implications for Lifestyle-Related Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:116.
Howlader M, Sultana MI, Akter F, Hossain MM. Adiponectin gene polymorphisms associated with diabetes mellitus: A descriptive review. Heliyon. 2021;7(8):e07851.
Ramya K, Ayyappa KA, Ghosh S, Mohan V, Radha V. Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population. Gene. 2013;532(2):253-262.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Pirya Nangdev, Rabia Bughio, Naveeta Rathi, Durga Devi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
