Exploring Non-Conventional Psychosocial Factors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study at Mardan Medical Complex
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), marked by the constriction or obstruction of the coronary arteries responsible for heart supply, remains the foremost cause of death globally. This condition is universally acknowledged as the primary contributor to mortality rates. Traditional risk factors for CAD are extensively documented, such as hypertension. Recent research emphasizes the importance of non-conventional psychosocial factors, including depression, anxiety, marital status, job strain, effort-reward imbalance, work stress, and social support.
Objective: The objective of this study is to examine non-conventional psychosocial factors in order to gain a deeper insight into their influence on coronary artery disease.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized convenience sampling to collect data via questionnaires from volunteer patients who visited the cardiology department at Mardan Medical Complex. The sample size comprised 323 CAD patients, determined with a 95% confidence level using Open-Epi, based on an anticipated frequency of 30% and a critical limit of 5%. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Numerical variables were assessed with mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables were analyzed using frequency and percentage computations.
Results: The study encompassed 323 patients diagnosed with CAD, with a response rate of 100%. Among these individuals, 171 (52.9%) were male, while 152 (47.1%) were female. Work-related stress was observed in 33 patients (10.2%). Marital stress affected 13 patients (4%), while financial stress was present in 97 patients (30%). The mean age of patients was 60.5 ± 10.3 years. Financial stress showed a significant association with CAD, while marital stress did not.
Conclusion: In this study, male CAD patients experienced a higher prevalence of work-related stress compared to females. A substantial portion of the patient population was between the ages of 50 and 70 years, a demographic particularly prone to CAD and its complications. Among the non-conventional psychosocial factors investigated—work stress, marital stress, and financial stress—financial stress exhibited a significant association with CAD development, while marital stress showed no significant contribution to the disease.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
McCullough PA, Oak R. Special Feature: Primary Care Issues for Nephrologists Coronary Artery Disease. 2007;611–6.
Okrainec K, Banerjee DK, Eisenberg MJ. Coronary Artery Disease in the Developing World. 2020.
Strike PC, Steptoe A. Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Coronary Artery Disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;46(4):337–47.
Beltrame JF, Dreyer R, Tavella R. Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease. 2012;(March):2–30.
Heart TN, Enterprises E. Marital Status, Marital Strain, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease or Total Mortality: The Framingham Offspring Study. 2007;513:509–13.
Smith TW, Ruiz JM. Psychosocial Influences on the Development and Course of Coronary Heart Disease: Current Status and Implications for Research and Practice. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(3):548–68.
Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, et al. Work Stress and Coronary Heart Disease: What Are the Mechanisms? Eur Heart J. 2008;29(5):640-8.
Moran E, Ommerborn J, Blackshear T. Financial Stress and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Prev Med. 2018;56(2):224–31.
Smaardijk VR, Mommersteeg PM, Kop WJ, Pellegrini D, van Geuns RJ, Maas AH. Psychological and clinical characteristics of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a case-control study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2021 Jan 15;323:1-6.
Smaardijk VR, Mommersteeg PM, Kop WJ, Adlam D, Maas AH. Psychological and clinical characteristics of female patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Netherlands Heart Journal. 2020 Sep;28:485-91.
Turner JR. Cross-sectional study. InEncyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 2020 Oct 20 (pp. 576-577). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Rawashdeh SI, Ibdah R, Kheirallah KA, Al-Kasasbeh A, Raffee LA, Alrabadi N, Albustami IS, Haddad R, Ibdah RM, Al-Mistarehi AH. Prevalence estimates, severity, and risk factors of depressive symptoms among coronary artery disease patients after ten days of percutaneous coronary intervention. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health: CP & EMH. 2021;17:103.
Alruways AF, Alotaibi NA, Rashikh MA, Alnufeie AA, Alshammari YJ, Alharthy MR, Alanazi FJ. Awareness and prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors among Saudi adults in Dawadmi, Riyadh province: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020 Nov 1;9(11):5629-37.
Wang J, Liu H, Chen C, Chang W, Ma Y, Zhao C, Smith Jr SC, Han J, Yu M, Ma J, Qi J. Physical activity and factors affecting its maintenance among patients with coronary heart disease not undergoing cardiac rehabilitation in China. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2020 Nov 1;35(6):558-67.
Sahle BW, Chen W, Melaku YA, Akombi BJ, Rawal LB, Renzaho AM. Association of psychosocial factors with risk of chronic diseases: A nationwide longitudinal study. American journal of preventive medicine. 2020 Feb 1;58(2):e39-50.
Gheisari F, Emami M, Raeisi Shahraki H, Samipour S, Nematollahi P. The role of gender in the importance of risk factors for coronary artery disease. Cardiology Research and Practice. 2020;2020(1):6527820.
Chu H, Chen L, Yang X, Qiu X, Qiao Z, Song X, Zhao E, Zhou J, Zhang W, Mehmood A, Pan H. Roles of anxiety and depression in predicting cardiovascular disease among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a machine learning approach. Frontiers in psychology. 2021 Apr 28;12:645418.
Cattaneo M, Halasz G, Cattaneo MM, Younes A, Gallino C, Sudano I, Gallino A. The central nervous system and psychosocial factors in primary microvascular angina. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2022 May 13;9:896042.
Wang H, Liu F, Ma H, Yin H, Wang P, Bai B, Guo L, Geng Q. Associations between depression, nutrition, and outcomes among individuals with coronary artery disease. Nutrition. 2021 Jun 1;86:111157.
Cheng M, Lei X, Zhu C, Hou Y, Lu M, Wang X, Wu Q. The association between poor sleep quality and anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese patients with coronary heart disease. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2022 Jul 3;27(6):1347-56.