Assessment of Plantar Flexors Strength and Range of Motion in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals
Plantar Flexor Strength and ROM in Diabetics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1452Keywords:
Diabetes, Plantar Flexors Strength, Range of Motion, Muscle Weakness, Goniometer, Heel Rise Test, Peripheral Neuropathy, Musculoskeletal Health, Chi-Square Test, SPSS Analysis.Abstract
Background Diabetes is a chronic condition that can accelerate muscle aging, leading to weakness, reduced strength, and diminished range of motion (ROM). The excess glucose in the blood can damage nerves and blood vessels, impairing muscle function and regeneration.
Objective: To assess the strength and ROM of plantar flexors in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals and evaluate the impact of diabetes on these parameters.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 80 diabetic and 80 non-diabetic individuals aged 40 to 65 years at Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Plantar flexor strength was measured using a heel rise test, and ROM was assessed with a goniometer. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with chi-square tests and odds ratios used to determine associations.
Results: Diabetic individuals showed a significant association between strength and ROM (p = 0.00) with chi-square values of 47.19 and 52.77 for right and left plantar flexors, respectively. However, the odds ratio of 0.22 indicated diabetes was not a strong risk factor for reduced strength.
Conclusion: While diabetes is significantly associated with reduced plantar flexor strength and ROM, it is not a strong independent risk factor for these impairments.
Downloads
References
Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Epidemiology of Diabetes. Medicine. 2010;38(11):602-6.
Roglic G. WHO Global Report on Diabetes: A Summary. Int J Noncommunicable Dis. 2016;1(1):3-8.
Omura T, Araki A. Skeletal Muscle as a Treatment Target for Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: The Importance of a Multimodal Intervention Based on Functional Category. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2022;22(2):110-20.
Vinik AI, Vinik EJ, Colberg SR, Morrison S. Falls Risk in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015;31(1):89-99.
Ng TK-W, Lo S-K, Cheing GL-Y. The Association Between Physical Characteristics of the Ankle Joint and the Mobility Performance in Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(2):346-52.
Rashedi V, Iranpour A, Mohseni M, Borhaninejad V. Risk Factors for Fall in Elderly with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(4):2347-51.
Lee JS, Hong S-H, Sun HY, Jin H, Yu BY, Cho Y-J, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Tadalafil in the Management of Erectile Dysfunction with Diabetes and Blood Circulation Issues. Aging Male. 2023;26(1):2176484.
Burakgazi AZ, Höke A. Respiratory Muscle Weakness in Peripheral Neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2010;15(4):307-13.
Camargo MR, Barela JA, Nozabieli AJ, Mantovani AM, Martinelli AR, Fregonesi CE. Balance and Ankle Muscle Strength Predict Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Individuals with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2015;9(2):79-84.
Apti A, Akalan NE, Kuchimov S, Özdinçler AR, Temelli Y, Nene A. Plantar Flexor Muscle Weakness May Cause Stiff-Knee Gait. Gait Posture. 2016;46:201-7.
Tavakkoli Oskouei S, Malliaras P, Jansons P, Hill K, Soh S-E, Jaberzadeh S, et al. Is Ankle Plantar Flexor Strength Associated with Balance and Walking Speed in Healthy People? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther. 2021;101(4).
Abboud R. Relevant Foot Biomechanics. Curr Orthop. 2002;16(3):165-79.
Jan M-H, Chai H-M, Lin Y-F, Lin JC-H, Tsai L-Y, Ou Y-C, et al. Effects of Age and Sex on the Results of an Ankle Plantar-Flexor Manual Muscle Test. Phys Ther. 2005;85(10):1078-84.
Harris-Love MO, Shrader JA, Davenport TE, Joe G, Rakocevic G, McElroy B, et al. Are Repeated Single-Limb Heel Raises and Manual Muscle Testing Associated with Peak Plantar-Flexor Force in People with Inclusion Body Myositis? Phys Ther. 2014;94(4):543-52.
Kasahara S, Ebata J, Takahashi M. Analysis of the Repeated One-Leg Heel-Rise Test of Ankle Plantar Flexors in Manual Muscle Testing. J Phys Ther Sci. 2007;19(4):251-6.
Martin RL, McPoil TG. Reliability of Ankle Goniometric Measurements: A Literature Review. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005;95(6):564-72.
Chitre P, Prabhu S. Decade Wise Analysis of Ankle Plantar Flexors Strength in Adults Using One Leg Heel Raise Test. IOSR J Nurs Health Sci. 2017;6:106-9.
Elveru RA, Rothstein JM, Lamb RL. Goniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting: Subtalar and Ankle Joint Measurements. Phys Ther. 1988;68(5):672-7.
Almurdhi MM, Reeves ND, Bowling FL, Boulton AJ, Jeziorska M, Malik RA. Reduced Lower-Limb Muscle Strength and Volume in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Relation to Neuropathy, Intramuscular Fat, and Vitamin D Levels. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(3):441-7.
Andersen H, Nielsen S, Mogensen CE, Jakobsen J. Muscle Strength in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2004;53(6):1543-8.
Salsich GB, Brown M, Mueller MJ. Relationships Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Stiffness, Strength, and Range of Motion in Subjects with Diabetes-Peripheral Neuropathy Compared to Age-Matched Controls. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30(8):473-83.
Andreassen CS, Jakobsen J, Andersen H. Muscle Weakness: A Progressive Late Complication in Diabetic Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy. Diabetes. 2006;55(3):806-12.
Van Eetvelde B, Zwaenepoel B, Nuyts K, Hansen D, Cambier D, Witvrouw E, et al. Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;168:108367.
Rao SR, Saltzman CL, Wilken J, Yak HJ. Increased Passive Ankle Stiffness and Reduced Dorsiflexion Range of Motion in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(8):617-22.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Haiqa Chaudhry, Muhammad Mahmood Alam, Muhammad Waseem Akhtar, Ishrat Fatima, Muhammad Ayais Abdullah Khan Niazi, Sirkhail Khan, Muhammad Burhan, Rimsa Chaudhry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
