Pathophysiology Crossroads: Examining the Role of Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) in the Intersection of Type II Diabetes and Dementia
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Type II DM) is intricately linked with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. The ADIPOQ gene encodes adiponectin, a hormone that plays a critical role in glucose regulation and fatty acid oxidation and may be implicated in the pathophysiology of both diabetes and dementia. Understanding the expression of ADIPOQ in diabetic patients with dementia could offer insights into the mechanisms at play and aid in the development of potential therapeutic targets.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the expression of the ADIPOQ gene in diabetic patients diagnosed with dementia and to correlate these findings with cognitive impairment as assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores.
Methods: We collected 5ml EDTA blood samples from 88 diabetic dementia patients and 12 healthy controls after obtaining written informed consent. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. Serum adiponectin levels were measured via Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), and genomic DNA was isolated for methylation-specific PCR and expression analysis. ADIPOQ gene expression was quantified using real-time PCR, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The diabetic dementia patient group demonstrated significantly lower adiponectin levels (5.62 ± 1.08 µg/mL) and MMSE scores (10.68 ± 4.56) compared to healthy controls (adiponectin: 15.68 ± 4.64 µg/mL, MMSE: 25.9 ± 3.12). Real-time PCR results indicated a relative fold decrease of 4.9 in ADIPOQ gene expression in the dementia cohort.
Conclusion: The ADIPOQ gene expression is inversely associated with cognitive function in diabetic patients, highlighting its potential as a biomarker for early detection and targeted therapeutic interventions in dementia associated with diabetes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32 Suppl 1:S62-7.
Kerner W, et al. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122(7):384-6.
Silva MVF, Loures CMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26(1):33.
Quan M, Cao S, Wang Q, Wang S, Jia J. Genetic Phenotypes of Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. Phenomics. 2023;3(4):333–349.
Howlader M, Sultana MI, Akter F, Hossain MM. Adiponectin gene polymorphisms associated with diabetes mellitus: A descriptive review. Heliyon. 2021;7(8):e07851.
Chen R, Shu Y, Zeng Y. Links Between Adiponectin and Dementia: From Risk Factors to Pathophysiology. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;11:356.
Ouchi N, Walsh K. Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380(1-2):24–30.
Han CY. Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species on Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue. Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(4):272–279.
Shen L, Jia J. An Overview of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(2):183–190.
Khoramipour K, Chamari K, Hekmatikar AA, Ziyaiyan A, Taherkhani S, Elguindy NM, Bragazzi NL. Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1180.
Rizzo MR, Fasano R, Paolisso G. Adiponectin and Cognitive Decline. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(6):2010.
Idrizaj E, Garella R, Nistri S, Dell'Accio A, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Castellini G, Ricca V, Squecco R, Baccari MC. Adiponectin Exerts Peripheral Inhibitory Effects on the Mouse Gastric Smooth Muscle through the AMPK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9617.
Al-Nbaheen MS. Effect of Genetic Variations in the ADIPOQ Gene on Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:2753–2761.
Rajmohan R, Reddy PH. Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer's disease Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(4):975–999.
Uddin MS, Rahman MM, Sufian MA, Jeandet P, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM, Akhtar MF, Saleem A, Amran MS. Exploring the New Horizon of AdipoQ in Obesity-Related Alzheimer's Dementia. Front Physiol. 2021;11:567678.
Horton WB, Barrett EJ. Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Disease. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(1):29–55.
Ma C, Hong F, Yang S. Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1210.
Kaiyrlykyzy A, Umbayev B, Masoud AR, Baibulatova A, Tsoy A, Olzhayev F, Alzhanova D, Zholdasbekova G, Davletov K, Akilzhanova A, Askarova S. Circulating adiponectin levels, expression of adiponectin receptors, and methylation of adiponectin gene promoter in relation to Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15(1):262.
Iwabu M, Okada-Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Adiponectin/AdipoR Research and Its Implications for Lifestyle-Related Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:116.
Ramya K, Ayyappa KA, Ghosh S, Mohan V, Radha V. Genetic association of ADIPOQ gene variants with type 2 diabetes, obesity and serum adiponectin levels in south Indian population. Gene. 2013;532(2):253–262.
Ali M, Kamran M, Talha M, Shad MU. Adiponectin blood levels and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry. 2024 Jan 31;24(1):88.
Sanchez C, Colson C, Gautier N, Noser P, Salvi J, Villet M, Fleuriot L, Peltier C, Schlich P, Brau F, Sharif A. Dietary fatty acid composition drives neuroinflammation and impaired behavior in obesity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2024 Feb 2.