Prevalence of Hyperventilation Syndrome among Covid-19 Recovered Patients
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus causes respiratory impairment in humans. In the post-acute care of COVID-19 survivors, persistent cardiorespiratory problems, such as tachycardia, dyspnea, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and hypocapnia due to Hyperventilation Syndrome (HVS), have been reported. Other symptoms include depression, anxiety, arthralgia, headache, and palpitations.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Hyperventilation Syndrome among COVID-19 recovered patients.
Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a sample size of 377 participants, calculated via Raosoft. Non-probability convenience sampling was employed. Data were collected using the Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) and a demographic form. Participants were recruited through social media platforms and the University of South Asia (Lahore Cantt). Eligible participants were aged 17-60 years, both male and female, who had tested positive for COVID-19 and recovered. Exclusion criteria included any history of respiratory complaints such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and chronic bronchitis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.
Results: Out of 377 participants, 148 (39.26%) were male and 229 (60.74%) were female. The mean age was 29.92 years (SD = 9.734). Among the participants, 240 (63.66%) were found to have Hyperventilation Syndrome, while 137 (36.34%) did not exhibit HVS. The most frequently reported symptoms included feeling of anxiety (41.91%), palpitations (20.95%), feeling of confusion (13.26%), feeling tense (11.41%), dizzy spells (10.88%), and blurred vision (37.93%).
Conclusion: Hyperventilation Syndrome is a significant post-COVID-19 complication that affects a substantial proportion of recovered patients, leading to breathing impairments and affecting their quality of life. The study highlights the need for continued monitoring and targeted interventions for managing respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 survivors.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Wilson CJJoPP. Hyperventilation syndrome: diagnosis and reassurance. 2018;10(9):370-5.
Williams CY, Williams RW, Knight R, Hashmi S, Donnelly N, Bance MJO, et al. Hyperventilation Syndrome: Investigating the Relationship Between Nijmegen Questionnaire, Vestibular Function Tests, and Patient Symptoms. 2020;41(3):e349-e56.
NZRP VLO, BSc Physiotherapy PJNZJoP. The Nijmegen questionnaire: A valid measure for hyperventilation syndrome. 2019;47(3):160-71.
Motiejunaite J, Balagny P, Arnoult F, Mangin L, Bancal C, d’Ortho M-P, et al. Hyperventilation: a possible explanation for long-lasting exercise intolerance in mild Covid-19 survivors? 2021;11:1856.
Taverne J, Salvator H, Leboulch C, Barizien N, Ballester M, Imhaus E, et al. High incidence of hyperventilation syndrome after COVID-19. 2021;13(6):3918.
Bouteleux B, Henrot P, Ernst R, Grassion L, Raherison-Semjen C, Beaufils F, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation for Covid-19 related persistent dyspnoea: A one-year experience. 2021;189:106648.
Crisafulli E, Gabbiani D, Magnani G, Dorelli G, Busti F, Sartori G, et al. Residual lung function impairment is associated with hyperventilation in patients recovered from hospitalised covid-19: A cross-sectional study. 2021;10(5):1036.
Motiejunaite J, Balagny P, Arnoult F, Mangin L, Bancal C, Vidal-Petiot E, et al. Hyperventilation as one of the mechanisms of persistent dyspnoea in SARS-CoV-2 survivors. 2021;58(2).
Naeije R, Caravita SJERJ. Phenotyping long COVID. Eur Respiratory Soc; 2021.
Singh I, Joseph P, Heerdt PM, Cullinan M, Lutchmansingh DD, Gulati M, et al. Persistent exertional intolerance after COVID-19: insights from invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing. 2021.
Skjørten I, Ankerstjerne OAW, Trebinjac D, Brønstad E, Rasch-Halvorsen Ø, Einvik G, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 months after COVID-19 hospitalisation. 2021;58(2).
Morin L, Savale L, Pham T, Colle R, Figueiredo S, Harrois A, et al. Four-month clinical status of a cohort of patients after hospitalization for COVID-19. 2021;325(15):1525-34.
Parpa K, Michaelides M. The Effect of COVID-19 Infection on the Aerobic Capacity of Professional Soccer Players. 2021.
Armange L, Bénézit F, Picard L, Pronier C, Guillot S, Lentz P-A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of persistent symptoms after non-severe COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. 2021:1-5.
Aparisi Á, Ybarra-Falcón C, García-Gómez M, Tobar J, Iglesias-Echeverría C, Jaurrieta-Largo S, et al. Exercise Ventilatory Inefficiency in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Insights from a Prospective Evaluation. 2021;10(12):2591.
Huang Y, Tan C, Wu J, Chen M, Wang Z, Luo L, et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase. 2020;21(1):1-10.
Chen R, Gao Y, Chen M, Jian W, Lei C, Zheng J, et al. Impaired pulmonary function in discharged patients with COVID-19: more work ahead. 2020;56(1).
Dhont S, Derom E, Van Braeckel E, Depuydt P, Lambrecht BNJRr. The pathophysiology of ‘happy’hypoxemia in COVID-19. 2020;21(1):1-9.
Mahjoub Y, Rodenstein DO, Jounieaux VJCC. Severe Covid-19 disease: rather AVDS than ARDS? 2020;24(1):1-2.
Matricardi PM, Dal Negro RW, Nisini RJPA, Immunology. The first, holistic immunological model of COVID‐19: implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures. 2020;31(5):454-70.
Courtney R, Greenwood KM, Cohen MJJob, therapies m. Relationships between measures of dysfunctional breathing in a population with concerns about their breathing. 2011;15(1):24-34.