Prevelance of Kidney Stones to the Human Populaton of District Buner and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Kidney Stone
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.411Keywords:
Nephrolithiasis, Prevalence, Calcium Oxalate, Uric Acid, Struvite Stones, Nonpharmacologic Treatment, Buner District, EpidemiologyAbstract
Background: Kidney stones are a common urological condition with significant geographical variation in prevalence and composition. The Buner district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, represents a diverse population with distinct environmental and dietary factors that may influence the epidemiology of nephrolithiasis.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and types of kidney stones in the Buner district, to analyze the demographic distribution of affected individuals, and to evaluate the nonpharmacologic treatment approaches used locally.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to September, encompassing 965 cases from various hospitals, laboratories, and localities in the Buner district. Data collection involved gender, age, and locality-specific questionnaires, clinical examinations, and diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, ultrasounds, and CT scans. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS version 25.
Results: The prevalence of kidney stones was found to be higher in males (60.62%, n=585) than females (39.37%, n=380), with the highest incidence reported in individuals aged 35 to 55 years (47.97%, n=463). Rural areas showed a greater prevalence than urban areas. The majority of stones were calcium-based (70%), with calcium oxalate being the most common (65%). Uric acid stones accounted for 17%, while struvite stones were observed in 10% of cases. Seasonal variation was noted, with the highest occurrence in January.
Conclusion: Kidney stones in the Buner district are predominantly calcium oxalate and are more prevalent in males and rural residents. The age group of 35 to 55 years is most affected. Nonpharmacologic treatments, such as dietary adjustments and herbal remedies, are commonly recommended by local health practitioners. Further research into environmental and dietary influences is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies.
Downloads
References
Abdelwahab DA, Alaa El-deen SM, Rezian AE, Elhkouly A. Effect of Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines on Lifestyle Modification for Adult Patients with Renal Stone Undergoing ESWL Procedure. Egyptian Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences. 2021;2(1):13-52.
Ahn JS, Harper JD. Acute Kidney Stone Management. A Clinical Guide to Urologic Emergencies. 2021:64-82.
Araya CE, Bani Hani AH. Kidney stones: risks, prevention, and management in cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy. 2020:871-83.
Aristiani ID, Susanti IH. Management of Preoperative Anxiety Patients with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Therapy Interventions. Genius Journal. 2022;3(1):113-8.
Craig JC, Molony DA, Strippoli GF. Evidence-Based Nephrology, 2 Volume Set: John Wiley & Sons; 2022.
Cupisti A, Giannese D, D’Alessandro C, Benedetti A, Panichi V, Alfieri C, et al. Kidney Stone Prevention: Is There a Role for Complementary and Alternative Medicine? Nutrients. 2023;15(4):877.
D’Ambrosio V, Moochhala S, Unwin RJ, Ferraro PM. Why is diagnosis, investigation, and improved management of kidney stone disease important? Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments for nephrolithiasis. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 2022;15(4):407-14.
Dobrek Ł. Kidney stone disease with special regard to drug-induced kidney stones—A contemporary synopsis. Wiad Lek. 2020;73:2031-9.
Finger M, Finger E, Bellucci A, Malieckal DA. Medical management for the prevention of kidney stones. Postgraduate medical journal. 2023;99(1169):112-8.
Gupta S, Kanwar SS, editors. The influence of dysbiosis on kidney stones that risk up renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Seminars in cancer biology; 2021: Elsevier.
He S-K, Wang J-H, Li T, Yin S, Cui J-W, Xiao Y-F, et al. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in kidney stone disease: a narrative review. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14.
Jani S, Katariya H, Prajapati B. Clinical Management of Renal Diseases. Current Trends in the Diagnosis and Management of Metabolic Disorders: CRC Press; 2023. p. 201-18.
Lee M, Lee HI, Song K, Choi HS, Suh J, Kim SH, et al. Association of hypercalciuria with vitamin D supplementation in patients undergoing ketogenic dietary therapy. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9:970467.
Nobakht N, Hanna RM, Al-Baghdadi M, Ameen KM, Arman F, Nobahkt E, et al. Advances in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a clinical review. Kidney Medicine. 2020;2(2):196-208.
Oswal M, Varghese R, Zagade T, Dhatrak C, Sharma R, Kumar D. Dietary supplements and medicinal plants in urolithiasis: diet, prevention, and cure. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2023;75(6):719-45.
Rendina D, D’Elia L, Evangelista M, De Filippo G, Giaquinto A, Barone B, et al. Osteoporosis is a predictive factor for nephrolithiasis in an adult free-living Caucasian population from Southern Italy: a longitudinal retrospective study based on a general practice database. Calcified Tissue International. 2020;107:446-52.
Rendina D, De Filippo G, Iannuzzo G, Abate V, Strazzullo P, Falchetti A. Idiopathic osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis: two sides of the same coin? International journal of molecular sciences. 2020;21(21):8183.
Roman YM, Lor K, Xiong T, Culhane-Pera K, Straka RJ. Gout prevalence in the Hmong: a prime example of health disparity and the role of community-based genetic research. Personalized Medicine. 2021;18(3):311-27.
Sadıkoğlu F, Sabuncu Ö, Bilgehan B, editors. A Comparative Analysis of the Different CNN Models Using Fuzzy PROMETHEE for Classification of Kidney Stone. International Conference on Theory and Applications of Fuzzy Systems and Soft Computing; 2022: Springer.
Saleh LK, Alvarino A, Yunir PE. Comparing the Effectivity of Intravenous Analgetic Tramadol and Intravenous Paracetamol for Acute Post-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science. 2023;2(6):2656-67.
Susilo J, Purwanto B, Doewes M, Indarto D. Calcium Oxalate Crystals: Epidemiology, Causes, Modeling Of Crystal Formation and Treatment Management. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2021;13(2):118-23.
Tomson CR, Bultitude M. Nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis. Intestinal Failure: Springer; 2023. p. 403-23.
Valencia Herrera AR, Zúñiga Cárdenas GA, Sailema López LK, Andrade Hurtado DA. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Renal Lithiasis: Current Progress and Perspectives. Journal of Advanced Zoology. 2023;44.
Zhang X, Liu X, Ye Q, Wang X, Chen J, Wang Z, et al. Acupuncture versus lornoxicam in the treatment of acute renal colic: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain Research. 2021:3637-48.
Zavatta G, Clarke BL. Normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism: a heterogeneous disorder often misdiagnosed? JBMR plus. 2020;4(8):e10391.
Zerdan MB, Moukarzel R, Naji NS, Bilen Y, Nagarajan A. The Urogenital System’s Role in Diseases: A Synopsis. Cancers. 2022;14(14):3328.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Imad Ali Khan, Samiyah Tasleem, Muhammad Razaq, Amina Rahat, Yasin Kayani, Tahir Azeem, Hameed Ur Rehman, Kausar Saeed
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
