Association Between Gross Motor Function and Manual Ability in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a complex neurological condition that significantly impacts a child's motor abilities. Understanding the relationship between gross motor function and manual ability in children with CP, particularly spastic diplegia, is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) as well as Bimanual Fine Motor Function (BFMF) in children with spastic diplegic CP.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 186 children aged 6-12 years with Diplegic CP, using convenience sampling. The GMFCS, MACS, and BFMF were employed to assess gross motor function, manual ability, and bimanual fine motor function, respectively. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, focusing on descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients.
Results: The mean age of participants was 8.35 years (SD = 1.998). The study comprised 57% male and 43% female participants. GMFCS levels distribution showed that the most common level was IV (31.2%), followed by levels III (19.4%) and V (18.8%). A strong correlation was observed between GMFCS and MACS (r = .752, p < 0.001) and a moderate to strong correlation between GMFCS and BFMF (r = .618, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The study concluded that gross motor function significantly influences manual ability in children with spastic diplegic CP. Higher GMFCS levels were associated with more severe impairments in manual ability and bimanual fine motor function.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Patel DR, Neelakantan M, Pandher K, Merrick J. Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview. Translational pediatrics. 2020;9(Suppl 1):S125.
Schwabe AL. Comprehensive care in cerebral palsy. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics. 2020;31(1):1-13.
Upadhyay J, Tiwari N, Ansari MN. Cerebral palsy: Aetiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2020;47(12):1891-901.
Sadowska M, Sarecka-Hujar B, Kopyta I. Cerebral palsy: current opinions on definition, epidemiology, risk factors, classification and treatment options. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2020:1505-18.
Bader KA, Alghamdi SM, Aqueel HI. Effect of trunk control changes on access to children with progressive spastic cerebral palsy. Multi-Knowledge Electronic Comprehensive Journal For Education & Science Publications (MECSJ). 2022(60).
Bekteshi S, Monbaliu E, McIntyre S, Saloojee G, Hilberink SR, Tatishvili N, et al. Towards functional improvement of motor disorders associated with cerebral palsy. The Lancet Neurology. 2023.
Gharehbolagh SM, Dussault-Picard C, Arvisais D, Dixon P. Muscle co-contraction and co-activation in cerebral palsy during gait: A Scoping Review. Gait & Posture. 2023.
Thamm A. Improving gait in cerebral palsy: effects of a combined strength, flexibility and gait training Intervention on lower limb gait kinematics and kinetics in children and young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. 2021.
Ochandorena-Acha M, Terradas-Monllor M, Cabrera TFN, Rodas MT, Grau S. Protocol: Effectiveness of virtual reality on functional mobility during treadmill training in children with cerebral palsy: a single-blind, two-arm parallel group randomised clinical trial (VirtWalkCP Project). BMJ Open. 2022;12(11).
ÖHRVALL AM, ELIASSON AC, Löwing K, Ödman P, Krumlinde‐Sundholm L. Self‐care and mobility skills in children with cerebral palsy, related to their manual ability and gross motor function classifications. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2010;52(11):1048-55.
Edvinsson SE, Lundqvist LO. Prevalence of orofacial dysfunction in cerebral palsy and its association with gross motor function and manual ability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2016;58(4):385-94.
Choi JY, Park J, Choi YS, Goh Y-r, Park ES. Functional communication profiles in children with cerebral palsy in relation to gross motor function and manual and intellectual ability. Yonsei medical journal. 2018;59(5):677-85.
Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Rassafiani M, AKBAR FN, Nobakht Z. Cerebral palsy: motor types, gross motor function and associated disorders. 2011.
Gajewska E, Sobieska M, Samborski W. Associations between manual abilities, gross motor function, epilepsy, and mental capacity in children with cerebral palsy. Iranian journal of child neurology. 2014;8(2):45.
Himmelmann K, Beckung E, Hagberg G, Uvebrant P. Gross and fine motor function and accompanying impairments in cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2006;48(6):417-23.
Jahnsen R, Aamodt G, Rosenbaum P. Gross Motor Function Classification System used in adults with cerebral palsy: agreement of self‐reported versus professional rating. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2006;48(9):734-8.
Bakaniene I, Urbonaviciene G, Janaviciute K, Prasauskiene A. Effects of the Inerventions method on gross motor function in children with spastic cerebral palsy. neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2018;52(5):581-6.
Oeffinger D, Bagley A, Rogers S, Gorton G, Kryscio R, Abel M, et al. Outcome tools used for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: responsiveness and minimum clinically important differences. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2008;50(12):918-25.
Tieman BL, Palisano RJ, Gracely EJ, Rosenbaum PL. Gross motor capability and performance of mobility in children with cerebral palsy: a comparison across home, school, and outdoors/community settings. Physical therapy. 2004;84(5):419-29.
Gunel MK, Mutlu A, Tarsuslu T, Livanelioglu A. Relationship among the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and the functional status (WeeFIM) in children with spastic cerebral palsy. European journal of pediatrics. 2009;168:477-85.
Compagnone E, Maniglio J, Camposeo S, Vespino T, Losito L, De Rinaldis M, et al. Functional classifications for cerebral palsy: correlations between the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), the manual ability classification system (MACS) and the communication function classification system (CFCS). Research in developmental disabilities. 2014;35(11):2651-7.
Carnahan KD, Arner M, Hägglund G. Association between gross motor function (GMFCS) and manual ability (MACS) in children with cerebral palsy. A population-based study of 359 children. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2007;8:1-7.
Gunel M, Mutlu A. Disability and its relation with functional independence in children with cerebral palsy: an ICF study of preliminary clinical experience from Turkey. Fizyoterapi Rehabilitasyon. 2007;18(3):171.
Weinstein M, Green D, Rudisch J, Zielinski IM, Benthem-Muñiz M, Jongsma ML, et al. Understanding the relationship between brain and upper limb function in children with unilateral motor impairments: a multimodal approach. european journal of paediatric neurology. 2018;22(1):143-54.
Harvey AR, Randall M, Reid SM, Lee KJ, Imms C, Rodda J, et al. Children with cerebral palsy and periventricular white matter injury: does gestational age affect functional outcome? Research in developmental disabilities. 2013;34(9):2500-6.
Roidi MLR, Isaias IU, Cozzi F, Grange F, Scotti FM, Gestra VF, et al. A new scale to evaluate motor function in Rett syndrome: validation and psychometric properties. Pediatric neurology. 2019;100:80-6.